Analysis of Health and Safety

Question 1: (a) Provide an examination of a companys wellbeing and security strategy with specific accentuation on how compelling it is in guaranteeing that guests, individuals from the general population and representatives are sheltered in and around the workplace. (b) Determine the preparation needs that will be required for the improvement from chance appraisals. These will remember for site acceptance preparing and applicable area confirmation for development work force. Question 2: (an) Identify the dangers that are related with development forms utilizing current information got from Health and wellbeing measurements. (b)Explain how chance appraisals and technique articulations are utilized to record and recognize development risks. Answer 1: (a) Health and Safety Policy The hugeness of the wellbeing and security strategy stressed by its point of proactively actualizing powerful measures in forestalling wellbeing risks, awful conditions and clinical morbidities in setting to the hierarchical viewpoint. The wellbeing and security strategy likewise advocates the procurement of defensive measures in anticipation, prophylaxis and treatment of illnesses and wounds occurring inside the repressions of the professional workplace. The aim of rehearsing a proficient wellbeing and security strategy identified with defending the physical and mental prosperity of representatives and laborers bringing about upgrade of gainful competency and manageability of the utilized faculty. The wellbeing and security strategy underlines keeping up cleanliness and solid workplace, and actualizing safe stockpiling conditions to limit the danger of infections and injury inside the corporate premises. The wellbeing and security strategy of a development organization occupied with creating moderate lodging venture for Notting Hill Trust Housing Association characterizes boundaries in regards to measures justified in setting to general wellbeing and attention to representatives. These predefined boundaries identified with companys wellbeing and security plan of the site improvement venture, duties of the staff in regards to wellbeing and security, and fiasco the executives strategy. Notwithstanding, other significant necessities incorporate the prerequisites identified with medicinal services preparing and acceptance, familiarity with staff in regards to perils, administrative prerequisites for keeping up wellbeing and security, and limiting dangers identified with risks during the working hours. The basic necessity of the security strategy identified with powerful administration of word related wellbeing and strength of the related representatives and laborers. Chaturvedi (2006:p. 168) portrays the normalization of business related wellbeing measures as far as acquiring qualifications by OHSAS 18001:99. The strategy warrants the use of individual defensive gear (PPE) for guaranteeing wellbeing from possible perils and mishaps at work place. Reese and Eidson (2006:p.238) outline the utility of defensive devices including head and neck shields and cautious gadgets, breathing types of gear and concentrated garments in testing fatalities identified with substance introduction, radiation perils, development material and contaminations during the working hours. Different parts of the wellbeing and security strategy advocate the dispute of guaranteeing accessibility of decontaminated water, sanitation and transport for all specialists and representatives at the development area. Rom and Markowitz (2007:p.726) examine about the spread of infectious ailments because of continued debasements in the drinking water. Ingestion of tainted water without a doubt inclines the populace to maladies like hepatitis and typhoid. Thus, Jensen (2012) underlines the significance of improved sanitation and housekeeping offices in forestalling the irresistible conditions including, flu and other respiratory appearances. Hislop (1999:p.3) portrays the yearly death paces (of the development laborers) coming about because of genuine fatalities during working hours. The significant reasons for these reported fatalities credit to ill-advised states of being, predictable varieties in the work destinations, absence of sufficient arranging and hazardous development material adding to the danger of injury to the laborers. The regulatory protections and crisis the executives systems profoundly justified to make mindfulness among the laborers in deliberately handling the horrible crises during mishaps and injury. Bartley Olmsted (2007:pp.328-330) depict about the significance of rehearsing life security code in forestalling the spread of irresistible conditions during devel opment methodology at the improvement area. These techniques compare to building up compelling boundaries as far as improved ventilation to estrange the negative weights prompted during the development strategies. Hughes Ferret (2011:p.22) represent with respect to the authoritative security strategies justified for development laborers utilized during the night shifts. These strategies advocate directing intermittent human services battles at the building site, lessening the quantity of working hours and keeping up the clinical database for all representatives enlisted for the night move. Moreover, improvement of likely obstructions regarding compelling fire assurance frameworks and guideline of normalized codes in characterizing therapeutic activities following development blasts required to defend the laborers from potential hazardous fatalities expected at the development area (Diamantes, 2011:p.125). (b) Construction Risk Assessment and Training Requirement The preparation requirements for the laborers utilized in the development organization characterized by the factual appraisal of hazard factors related with the development procedure. The development chance evaluation remembers rehearsing proactive measures for exactly recognizing the inclining factors for disease scattering, horrendous fatalities and different genuine dangers as per the study of disease transmission, geological area, ventilation and plan of the development premises (Miler 2004:p.115). The hazard evaluation methods required for a lodging venture incorporate recognizing laborers as far as low, medium, high, and most serious hazard gatherings, and proportionately contriving opposing procedures for the concerned populace in the development condition. The fire chance evaluation in the development grid centers in distinguishing the wellsprings of high vitality and the nearness of inflammable materials from these start drives (Perry, 2003:p.195). The warmth sources ascribe to the welding gadgets, electric wires, cooking machines, fire lights, boilers and hot barbecues used during the development procedure. The following stage in assessing the dangers of a normal blast from these start sources incorporate following of the capacity area of these fire materials and investigating their entrance courses in setting to the inflammable things at the development area. The measurable assessment of these hazard factors warrant directing nearby preparing program for laborers in testing the potential dangers relating to the frequencies of blast at the development area. Holt (2005:p.202) portrays the preparation necessity for the development laborers inclined to the occasions of fire or blast during their activity hours. These preparation conventions incorporate directing nearby preparing program for laborers in setting to using crisis leave courses, raising alarms and productively utilizing first guide apparatuses in quite a while of on location blast or fire. Th e exact hazard evaluation with respect to terminate occasions in the development network followed by on location preparing of laborers to build up the aptitudes including compelling treatment of fire quenchers, stepping stools, water flexibly and ventilators during fire crises (Iafc, 2012). The on location enlistment preparing to the development laborers further guarantees giving abilities and information in regards to handling flammable materials, utilizing defensive gloves, pants, protective caps and goggles against fire and managing the versatile fire dousers as per the force and nature of on location blast. The laborers preparing in setting to the hazard evaluation must consent to the gauges built up by Construction Skills Certification Scheme (CSCS), and all specialists basically required to secure CSCS cards for guaranteeing consistence and ability, while rehearsing get away from measures during occasions of unconstrained fire or blasts (Fewings, 2013). (a) The Construction Hazards The fatalities among laborers experienced during the development procedure change proportionately with the pre-set up risks inclining the representatives (of the development organization) toward infections and perilous results. Bunni (2003:pp.26-29) factually assesses the danger of likely fatalities in setting to the perils and results related with the development procedure. The potential for word related antagonistic occasions or perils estimated according to their normal results bringing about peripheral, unimportant or cataclysmic crises during the development procedure. Reese Eidson (2006a:p.17) outline the measurements of development related ailments in setting to the prior bleakness risk in the development grid. The information uncovers dermatitis as the most predominant result, with 14.1% revealed cases among the workers deputed in different development organizations. Notwithstanding, different sicknesses identified with the ecological impacts, states of mind, respiratory disa rranges and poison levels compare to a weightage of 37.8% among the objective populace. Leigh (1995:p.35) gives the measurable positioning of different development perils in setting to the announced fatalities of the laborers utilized in various development organizations situated across USA. The insights uncover the yearly loss of life of 297 laborers related with stone eliminating and cutting positions, as prove by the US statistics code 546. This loss of life credits to the silica presentation to these laborers, along these lines bringing about greatest fatalities from silicosis. Ther

The Negotiator free essay sample

Arrangement is a basic word with expansive importance and comprehension. We as a whole realize that exchange isn't a simple errand to do. It must be drilled and created. Nobody can undoubtedly adjust the earth of arrangement without profoundly knowing it by heart and by mind. We are additionally mindful that exchange assumes a major job in the lives of individuals particularly to experts and business people. They may feel that it's anything but a serious deal, however for some it is. It is significant in light of the fact that we really use exchange to make due in various circumstance in our own profession. We likewise underestimate the expertise of arrangement to have the option to make professionally. The film â€Å"The Negotiator† is a case of an extraordinary exchange ability. It epitomizes various procedures or strategies while arranging. In spite of the fact that the film is about prisoner taking, it is as yet a type of arrangement and it is a decent method to have an alternate point of view on exchange. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Negotiator or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page One method is drawing out the discussion or circumstance between the arbitrator and the prisoner taker. It appears in the film that moderators posed inquiries that were open finished with the goal that the consideration of the prisoner take will be upset and there’s an incredible chance that the circumstance will end calmly. Next procedure is guaranteeing the security of the prisoners in the circumstance. We find in the film that the mediator take the necessary steps to do all together spare the prisoners. They attempt to give the solicitations of the prisoner taker regardless of the stuff. Despite the fact that in the film, there was a scene were the prisoners were not discharged simultaneously. The moderator ought to organize giving clinical treatment or discharge for harmed prisoners, give food and water, and arranging the arrival of however many prisoners as could be allowed. Next method is resisting the urge to panic. All specialists include in the circumstance should resist the urge to panic and follow arranges just to the allocated moderator so that there would be no undesirable result. The mediator ought to never contend with the prisoner taker and never disapprove of a solicitation. Continuously think positive and use deferring strategies or make a counter-offer. All in all, there are various employments of arrangement in the lives of individuals. We see the worth and significance of arrangement in the film and that exchange can spare an actual existence. We likewise perceive how hard to arrange is, which demonstrates that exchange isn't a simple errand and that it must be learned, polished, and created. Try not to hope to have exchange aptitudes without profoundly understanding the substance and importance of it. There are various routes in learning arrangement however recall that the most ideal approach to learn it is to have whatever number encounters as could be expected under the circumstances with the goal that you will gain from the truth of life and exchange.

Memories

Memories Last Wednesday, somewhere between a biology test and a chemistry lecture, I realized that I’m more than halfway done with my first semester at MIT. My first reaction was, to be perfectly honest, shock. How could the past eight weeks have gone by so quickly? I can still remember how I felt when my plane first landed in Boston when I walked onto campus for the first time as an actual student when I said that final goodbye to my parents. I remember my first days here: building robots for DME, devouring free food and enjoying countless activities during Orientation, getting lost on the way to Baker House, exploring Greek life during Fraternity Rush. I remember reuniting with old friends from CPW, and finding new ones around every turn. I remember meeting with my freshman advisor for the first time, and filling out that neat little form listing all of my classes for the coming semester. I remember that first day of classes, when I woke up extra early to make sure I wasn’t late. I remember finally mustering the courage to start raising my hand during lecture. I remember all the times my professors stayed a few minutes after class to clarify a point or answer a question I had. I remember turning in my first physics p-set, the one I stayed up past four to finish. I remember the week I had three tests in a row, plus a problem set due that same Thursday. I remember getting my first taste of both definitions of IHTFP. I remember my exuberance when I found out that some of my closest friends and I had all been chosen as new MedLinks. I remember the day I turned nineteen, and my friends took me out to dinner at the Border Café, followed by ice cream at Ben Jerrys, and refused to let me pay. I remember the thrill of going to my first-ever Red Sox game at Fenway. I remember taking a weekend off to visit family, to rearrange my priorities, and to generally figure my life out. I remember the hacks: the purple dome during Rush, the Master Chief helmet on John Harvard, the model of Sputnik in Lobby 10, the Red Sox banner strung across Briggs Field. I remember my parents surprise when I told them I had decided to become involved in student government, my friends surprise when they learned I had pledged at a fraternity, my teachers surprise when they heard that I was blogging for MIT. I remember all the ups and downs of these past eight weeks, my achievements and my failures side by side. Even in just eight weeks, Ive managed to make plenty of mistakes but at the same time, each misstep has taught me something valuable about myself. It hasn’t been easy. If anything, these have been the hardest two months of my life. But as I look back, I know its been worth it. Sometimes, with a lot of work and maybe a little luck, dreams really do come true. And beyond all my own experiences here at MIT, I remember what its like to be where you are now. There’s just a few more days until the Early Action deadline, and I know you will all be great. Yes, its terrifying to finally push that Submit Application button. But I promise it will be worth it in the end. Whether your final destination is here or one of the many other fine institutions across America and the world, I wish you all the best of luck in pursuing your dreams. Now if only the Red Sox would win tonight. EDIT: Its a sweep! Boston Red Sox are 2007 World Champions! GO SOX!!

Final Reflection My Final Reflection - 979 Words

Final Reflection Essay The introduction of a paper is just like someones appearance, it will leave the first impression and will be the first thing judged. While reading the first paragraph, the reader decides if the essay will be a complete load of garbage, or something worth their time. Recently, I like to believe that more and more of my papers have been falling into the latter. I have learned that a superb beginning is essential to a satisfying end product. Among this, I have learned much more from English Composition. I believe that I am a much stronger writer now than I was when I started this class, some of this progress is due to my ever-changing writing process. At the start of this class, I would start my body paragraphs†¦show more content†¦Since the beginning of English Composition my time usage has drastically changed. I wrote my first week essay all in one sitting. When I did this, it limited my ideas. It was hard to come up with a fresh idea when I just wanted to be done. For a few of my essays, I would write them the night before; these essays were definitely the worst. I was tired, stressed and hurrying to finish. When I work on an essay off and on, I allow myself to come up with new ideas and I am able to work without as much pressure. Without the pressure, I actually find writing enjoyable. Throughout this semester, writing has become less of a chore and more of a challenge and art. When I proofread the day after I finish my essay I am able to find more mistakes. Alongside proofreading, when I write my essay ahead of time it allows time for heavy editing and multiple drafts. When I am not trying to do my essay in a short time span ideas flow freely. When writing it is beneficial to let my mind wander because it allows me to come up with new ideas. Now that I allow myself an adequate amount of time, I have found the many benefits of using an outline. I usually include my main points and possible quotes I could use to support main ideas. An outline makes the essay come easier, so that I can concentrate on sentence structure and grammar. Aside from many other things, the way I proofread my essays has changed immensely. As I said before, I noShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Dr. Galindo s The Hidden Lives Of Congregation 1368 Words   |  6 Pagesteaching of Dr. Galindo himself, â€Å"The Hidden Lives of Congregation† (especially chapter 9) ,Genograms as a visual practice, my colleagues as critical and encouraging coaches, experiential learning outside of the classroom (ah-ha moments), and the final reflection paper. I included my reading, experiential, and reflection as a part of social because it help formulate how I responded to my peers in our classroom setting. Dr. Galindo’s approach to leading us was very open and reflective, his feed back wasRead MorePersonal Learning Profile Of An Aircraft Mechanic961 Words   |  4 Pagesthis section.) Sequence: Is a use first pattern for myself. As a visual learner I like to see examples or what my expectations are for a particular task. I hate when I have to deviate from a plan or a routine that has provided success in the past. As an aircraft mechanic I always need to follow the guidelines of T.O.’s. However, T.O.’s are notorious for revisions, therefore changing my strategy towards how I go about daily tasks when they update and the new hardware I would need to familiarize myselfRead MoreThe Basic Foundation For My Life914 Words   |  4 PagesSequence: I use sequence first, a lot. It is the basic foundation for how I run my entire life. When a task is assigned to me, whether it be at work or home, I first think organization. I think; where should I start, what will I do once I complete that, and what is the ultimate goal. I find that I organization solves a lot of issues when it comes to completing a task, or it completes the plan. Then, after the plan is execut ed, you can feel a sense of accomplishment. Precision: While I may have onlyRead MoreWeek 4 Personal Strategy Card EXP105 Aug2014 Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesthat I use on a daily basis and how important it is to my daily life. When at work I would be lost and confused with out my daily checklist that I have set up to start my day. I tried to step out of my normal daily routine and checklist and became frustrated with the start of my day and was lost for most of the day. I can understand how this is a use as needed as I do not like to follow directions for a task. I sometimes feel that my idea or my schedule is better for a issue or given task. â€Å"What doRead MoreMy Final Reflection By Quoting Psychologist967 Words   |  4 Pagespsychologist I begin my final reflection by quoting Psychologist, Carol Dweck. 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With that being said I immediately signed up, and for once I was excitedRead MoreAll About My Life Final Reflection Paper2712 Words   |  11 PagesAll About My 1 All about My Life Lavonda Kaye Lambert PSY 202 Adult Development and Life Assessment Prof. Pope May 07, 2012 â€Æ' All about My 2 All about My Life I. Studying For Nursing School a. Childhood Dream b. Taking Tests c. Crushing Results II. High School Dropout a. Taken Out At Sixteen b. Grandfather Had Cancer c. Married At Seventeen III. Hobbies Acquired a. Crochet b. Photography Read MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development1629 Words   |  7 PagesReflection Paper #4 Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages theory suggests that people pass through eight distinctive developmental stages as they grow and change throughout their lives. Integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at approximately age 60 and ends at death. The crisis represented by this last life stage is integrity versus despair. Erikson proposed that this stage begins when the individual experiencesRead MoreManagment 5301062 Words   |  5 PagesSemester: Fall 2, 2012 Instructor: Dr. Nicole Runyon Campus/Location: Online Course Start Date: October 31, 2012 Final Assessment Date: Week 7 Instructor Contact Information: Office Location: Michigan Office Hours: By appointment Phone: 206-888-4305 Fax: 206-888-4305 E-Mail: Nicole.Runyon@davenport.edu Instructor Professional Biography My name is Dr. Nicole Runyon and I am very much looking forward to working with all of you. I live in Northern Michigan (in theRead MoreEssay on Socs 350 Entire Course Week 1 - 81370 Words   |  6 Pagescom/SOCS%20350/socs-350-entire-course-week-1-8 Product Description (SOCS 350 Cultural Diversity in the Professions - DeVry) SOCS 350 Week 1 Assignment Paper: Let’s Be Lefties for a Day SOCS 350 Week 1 Discussion 1 You Eat What?! SOCS 350 Week 1 Discussion 2 Some of My Best SOCS 350 Week 2 Course Project: Project Proposal SOCS 350 Week 2 Quiz (11 Questions Answers) SOCS 350 Week 2 Discussion 1 Culture is in the Air SOCS 350 Week 2 Discussion 2 Power Relationships SOCS 350 Week 3 Assignment: You Decide SOCS

The Harlem Renaissance - 1154 Words

Elizabeth Denham Mr. Corneille English IV AP 16 November 2015 The Harlem Renaissance The early 1900s was a time marked with tragedy in America. Started and ended with the Great Depression in between, it was not America s finest moment. Prohibition was in place, the Klu Klux Klan was still marching, and the Lost Generation was leaving for Paris. But despite the troubling times, people still found beauty and meaning in the world around them. They still created art and celebrated life. The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic and literary movement that developed a new black cultural identity through artistic expression. It fused African traditions with slave history and American culture, and revealed to the world what life was like as a black person in America. The Harlem Renaissance began with the Great Migration, when black men and women from the southern United States began moving to Northern cities. They were escaping Jim Crow laws and searching for better jobs (The Harlem Renaissance). Many people moved into Harlem, a neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City. It was relatively empty and apartments were cheap, though small. The sudden influx of African Americans, all filled with hope for better lives, ignited an artistic revolution of music, and literature. Black men and women began depicting their lives realistically and uniquely, breaking down common stereotypes that surrounded their culture (Boundless, The Harlem Renaissance). Civil rights activists were afraid thatShow MoreRelatedHarlem And The Harlem Renaissance Essay2269 Words   |  10 Pagessouthern African Americans migrated to a city called Harlem in New York. They relocated due to dogmatism and intolerance of melanin diverging out the of pores of many white southerners. The African Americans who migrated found new opportunities both economic and artistic that resulted to the creation of a stable middle class Black –Americans (Dover, 2006). This was the Harlem Renaissance a cultural, social, and artistic explosion. The core of Harlem expressed by Alain Lo cke is that through art, â€Å"negroRead MoreHarlem And The Harlem Renaissance1430 Words   |  6 Pagesmoved in to urban cities such as Chicago, Detroit, and Harlem. Out of these northern metropolises, the most popular was Harlem; â€Å"here in Manhattan (Harlem) is not merely the largest Negro community in the world, but the first concentration in history of so many diverse element of Negro life†(1050). Harlem became the mecca of black people, and between the years of 1920 and the late 1930s it was known as the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance, brought artiest, poets, writers, musicians, and intelligentRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance850 Words   |  4 Pages Giselle Villanueva History IB Mr. Flores February 7, 2016 Period 4 Word Count: 693 Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was the first period in the history of the United States in which a group of black poets, authors, and essayist seized the opportunity to express themselves. The Great Migration was the movement of six million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North during 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationistRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance941 Words   |  4 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement, in the early 1920’s, that involved vibrancies of new life, ideas, and perceptions. The large migration of African Americans northward, after World War I, allowed people of color the opportunity to collaborate in the New York City neighborhood, known as Harlem. This renaissance allowed the city to thrive on a refined understanding and appreciation of the arts. Many individuals were involved in this movement including doctors, students, shopkeepers,Read MoreThe Harlem Rena issance1317 Words   |  6 Pagesday is the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is the cultural movement of the 1920’s. The movement essentially kindled a new black cultural identity through art, literature and intellect. The Harlem Renaissance started during the Roaring Twenties. It took place in Harlem, New York. It became most prominent in the mid to late 1920’s and it diminished toward the early 1930’s (Henderson). The Harlem Renaissance was initially called the New Negro Movement or the New Negro Renaissance. It was theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter 1 Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harlem Renaissance, an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. According to Wintz: The Harlem Renaissance was â€Å"variously known as the New Negro movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance, the movement emerged toward the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid- to late 1920s, and then withered in the mid-1930sRead MoreHarlem Renaissance Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesHARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesHARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay524 Words   |  3 Pages Harlem Renaissance nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Harlem Renaissance was a time of racism, injustice, and importance. Somewhere in between the 1920s and 1930s an African American movement occurred in Harlem, New York City. The Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. It was the result of Blacks migrating in the North, mostly Chicago and New York. There were many significant figures, both male and female, that had taken partRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Of The 1920s1557 Words   |  7 Pagesnot until the evil intentions of slavery crossed mankind’s thoughts that hue became our downfall, our separator. White supremacy eroded the idea of equality, and darker hues began to symbolize worthlessness, inferiority, and ugliness. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s evoked the idea of black consciousness and pride. It was a movement established to express black literature, art, music, and culture. Blacks began to wear their dark hue like a badge of honor. Art, literature, and music became the

The Girls in their Summer Dresses Free Essays

â€Å"The Girls in their Summer Dresses† by Irwin Shaw is about romantic love, fidelity, and marriage. The story is about Michael and Frances, a rich, young, outgoing couple living in midtown manhattan, who’s marriage is going downhill because of Michael’s desire for other women. Eventhough Michael has desires for other women, his wife, Frances, is unable to do anything about it because of society’s stagima. We will write a custom essay sample on The Girls in their Summer Dresses or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also due to the time period the story was written in, divorce was considered a really bad thing. Throughout the story we discover how Frances loves Michael so much, but Michael does not love her. Michael being totally disrespectful puts their marriage in jeopardy. There are many points in the story from which we find out that Michael does not love Frances. Firstly, Michael disrespects Frances by looking at other girls. If he really love her, he should show respect and pay attention to her instead of looking at these other women on the street. Even when he is with his wife he looks at other girls. Who knows what he does when she is not with him, even though he says he hasn’t touched any women in past five years since he is with her? Who knows! He isn’t even afraid for a single minute that his wife is walking with him and he shouldn’t watch other girls. He still think that he is macho guy according to the story â€Å"I am the envy of all men between the ages of fifteen and sixty in the state of New York.† He forgets his wife, his love. He didn’t even care once about what she will think about. He was totally not in love. They don’t have mutual understanding at all. Second, not that Michael is unfaithful now but as he said he could be in future. When they are having the discussion at a bar on 8th street, Michael tells Frances that he not only looks at pretty women on street but also fantasizes about being with them. He tells her â€Å"I love you, but I also want them.†(Shaw 8) This is no way to express that your love someone. This is considered cheating and obviously if there is cheating than there is no love at all. Furthermore Michael does nothing when Frances is crying face down into her handkerchief. â€Å"Michael didn’t say anything. He sat watching the bartender slowly peel a lemon.†(Shaw 8) This shows that Michael does not care about Frances’ feelings. It looks as though for Michael the relationship is based on physical appearance because even after a long discussion at the bar when Frances got up from the table, â€Å"Michael watched her walk, thinking, what a pretty girl, what nice legs.†(Shaw 9) If Michael really loves Frances he should try to see her inner feelings instead of her physical appearance. On the other hand, Frances being a good wife loves her husband. She tells him â€Å"Lets just hang around with each other. You and me.† This proves that she like being with him. She also has respects for him. Unlike Michael who is always looking at other girls she tells him she hasn’t looked at another man since the second time they went out. Moreover, we find out that she truly loves him when she says â€Å"I’d do any damn thing for you.† This shows that she is a good wife deeply in love with her husband. Frances being respectful, faithful, and loving proves that there are no complaints about their marriage from her side. In the ending, the most effective part of the story, we see how a women at that time period could not do anything to solve the problem but instead deal with it. Frances ends up calling the Stevensons instead of asking for a divorce. She could not be divorced because the society wont let her live. People will look at her with bad eye. Her love for Michael fades away because he shows neither commitment nor love. who would love someone that wants to be with someone else, especially after finding it out? Overall it seems as though Shaw is trying to tell the reader that not all marriages are same. He shows how for some, marriages are build with honesty, fidelity and love while for others, it’s just about physical apperance. And yes, time period is definately a matter. How to cite The Girls in their Summer Dresses, Essay examples

Enterprise Distributed Computing Workshop -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Enterprise Distributed Computing Workshop? Answer: Introduction The report is prepared for HP Norway for the identification of the reason for successful relocation and maintain the momentum in the current marketplace during the relocation. The best practice in the organization are identified for responding to the needs of the technology that can be implemented for mitigation of the risk and increasing the opportunity of the business. The Zachman framework is used for the analysis of the current scenario of Hewlett-Packard and a strategy map is created for the identification of the objectives and improvement of the reliability and development of the partnership in the industry. Identification There are different issues faced by the organization for which there is a need of relocating the main office and they are listed below: Increase in the global business requires increasing the efficiency of the current business process and boost in the values of the shareholders but the management of the geographically dispersed operation was a complex task. Selecting of the technology for serving the needs of the customer and solidifying the image for the unified and high performance of the organization. Reorganization of the teams after merging is a critical task for maintaining the continuity in the current business and not losing the shareholders, customers and the employees. Analyze An analysis is made for solving the issues identified for office relocation event of HP with the help of Accenture. Merging of the business with Compaq HP reorganizes the team for enabling shared management for the unification and increase the performance of the company. The company also analyzed that the merging of the resources of both the companies was a complex task and thus a new location was selected for integration of the resources and improve overall performance of the business [5]. Accenture was selected based on the previous track record for execution of the project successfully and also due to the use of innovative tools and technology for management of the organizational change. Further analysis on the change management was conducted by involving the employees working in the organization and filling out an e survey form for analysis of the cultural differences and attitude of the employees regarding the integration of the business [3]. The result was analyzed for focusing on the key areas of improvement and promoting secure and effective cooperation between the employees of both the organizations. Zachman Framework The Zachman framework was proposed by John Zachman for the development of the enterprise architecture in the year 1987. It is used as a model for referencing the enterprise in a structured and formal way for description and viewing the essential elements of an object. The object may be a project, enterprise, solution or a department and it differs from the other Enterprise architecture framework because it is not a root of IT [12]. The Zachman framework is used for development of a set of descriptive representation that are relevant for describing the architecture of HP. The primitive interrogatives and the audience prescriptive are the two key dimension that are anchored with the framework [7]. The primitive interrogatives consists of What, How, Where, Who, When and Why. The Zachman framework for the Managing Change at HP Norway case study is demonstrated below: It does not act as a methodology whereas it acts as a taxonomy for organizing the design document, models and the specifications that accounts the particular issues and the targeted artifacts that are required to be addressed. The framework is dependent on the skill sets of the practitioners and used for the production of the repeatable results. The enterprise architecture does not have any governance guidance and can be applied as a tool for the addressing the merging of both the organization business process [4]. The foundation layer can be used as a reference for the identification, right sizing and classification of the artifacts that are required for addressing the relevant issues faced during merging and relocation of the current office of HP. It is also used as a guide for solving the issues faced that are not centered for the artifacts and the audience. Strategy Map The current HP strategy is related with the existing It framework a strategy map is created and the strategy programs are reformulated. The different elements for balancing the scorecards and the relationship with the goals of the organization are analyzed for the creation of the cause effect graph [9]. The strategy map is also used for the demonstration of the objectives and the incensement of the revenue for the program and increase in the reliability of the program for the development of the partnership in the industry. The adaptability and the agility of the program in HP should be improved for supporting the efficient delivery of the informations. The details of the strategy map in context to the reformulated business scorecard is created for the following perspective as follows: Financial View Goals Measures Increase Revenue + ITP revenue of HP + Big Deal Customer View Goal Measures Increase in reliability + Reliability on CSI + It is normalized by the revenue and defect in the arrival rate Increase in the completeness + it is normalized by the revenue and the arrival rate of the ER + Usability on CSI + Set of feature on CSI + Loss or Win ratio due to product Development of the partnership + Number of new partners + Number of training Sessions Delivery of the information efficiently + Unavailability of the informations It is noted that assessment of the achievement does not depends on the information and delivering the information efficiently that was available during the study of the case study. Internal process View Goal Measures Support + Time required for resolving the problem + Index of the customer satisfaction levels Awareness + Ratings from the industry analyst + Coverage of the advertisements + Success story number Business Development + Lead generation + generation of the demands Learning and Growth View Goals Measures Fitness of the sales force + Allocated training hours Fitness of the support Staffs + Allocated training hours Evaluate / justification With the adoption of the balanced scorecard approach the different areas of the business can be analyzed from different views that helps in identification of the relationship and their impact on the current business. This approach can also be used for the separation of the strategic objective concerns and permitting the higher level employees for the appreciation of the relationship of the different objectives and identification of their importance. The balanced scorecard can also help in reformulation of the strategy and identification of the key important areas for the relocation of the business without having negative impact on it. The zachman framework is integrated with the strategic model for the identification of the scope, business model, system model, technology model, detailed representation, functioning enterprise, data, function, network, people, time, motivation and the problem space for the relocation of the main office. The scope of the project is analyzed in the view of the planner and boundaries for the organization are identified for finding its interaction with the world. The business model is selected analyzing the business process and identification of the owner for each of the process. The designer is engaged for getting the desirable result and identification of the technically possible ways for the transformation. The technicians, contractors and the engineers are engaged for commencing the project and detailed representation is necessary for getting the final outcome. The accrual representation of the running or the deployed elements is also important for the success of the project and all the complexity in the project should be removed and for defining the abstractions and answer the questions for the abstraction. The zachman architecture is used as the main framework and it has different advantage when compared with the other models. In zachman model well defined perspectives are used that have comprehensive abstracts, normality and extensive usage. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that with the implementation of the Zachman model in the enterprise architecture the business process of the organization can be classified and organized which is significant for the management of the business efficiently. The graphic of the framework is easy to for designing the artifacts that intersects with different perspective of the objects in the business. The classification of the business can be conveyed logically and precisely. It can be used for the identification of the knowledge of the enterprise and accommodation and sophistication of the high rated changes in the enterprise over time. The selected aspects of the business can be classified without losing the perspective, contextual and the logical sense. The sub sets of the business process should be separated and for making decision about the design and restoring the integrity of the objects. The different views are important for the reformulation of the strategy of the busines s and focusing on the goals and measures of the organization. References Santana, D. Souza, K. Simon, Fischbach and H. De Moura, Network Science Applied to Enterprise Architecture Analysis: Towards the Foundational Concepts. InEnterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC), 2017 IEEE 21st International(pp. 10-19). IEEE, 2017, October.Simon, K. Fischbach and D. Schoder, Enterprise architecture management and its role in corporate strategic management.Information Systems and e-Business Management,12(1), pp.5-42, 2014. N. Chorafas, Enterprise architecture and new generation information systems. CRC Press, 2016. Safari, Z. Faraji and S. Majidian, Identifying and evaluating enterprise architecture risks using FMEA and fuzzy VIKOR.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,27(2), pp.475-486, 2016. Gurrib, "Do Shareholders Benefit From a Merger? The Case of Compaq and HP Merger", International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 53-57, 2015. Lapalme, A. Gerber, A. Van der Merwe, J. Zachman, M. De Vries and K. Hinkelmann, Exploring the future of enterprise architecture: A Zachman perspective.Computers in Industry,79, pp.103-113, 2016. Hinkelmann, A. Gerber, D. Karagiannis, B. Thoenssen, A. Van der Merwe and R. Woitsch, A new paradigm for the continuous alignment of business and IT: Combining enterprise architecture modelling and enterprise ontology.Computers in Industry,79, pp.77-86, 2016. Da Xu, Enterprise integration and information architecture. CRC Press, 2014. Zarvi? and R. Wieringa, An integrated enterprise architecture framework for business-IT alignment.Designing Enterprise Architecture Frameworks: Integrating Business Processes with IT Infrastructure,63, 2014. Saint-Louis, M.C. Morency and J. Lapalme, Defining enterprise architecture: A systematic literature review. InEnterprise Distributed Object Computing Workshop (EDOCW), 2017 IEEE 21st International(pp. 41-49). IEEE, 2017, October. Kristanto, "Enterprise Architecture Planning Untuk Proses Pengelolaan Manajemen Aset Dengan Zachman Framework", Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 98, 2016. Burgio, Z. Maamar and S. Meira, An architecture and guiding framework for the social enterprise.IEEE Internet Computing,19(1), pp.64-68, 2015.

Classification Essays - Botanical Nomenclature, Taxonomy

Classification Classification in biology, is the identification, naming, and grouping of organisms into a formal system. The vast numbers of living forms are named and arranged in an orderly manner so that biologists all over the world can be sure they know the exact organism that is being examined and discussed. Groups of organisms must be defined by the selection of important characteristics, or shared traits, that make the members of each group similar to one another and unlike members of other groups. Modern classification schemes also attempt to place groups into categories that will reflect an understanding of the evolutionary processes underlying the similarities and differences among organisms. Such categories form a kind of pyramid, or hierarchy, in which the different levels should represent the different degrees of evolutionary relationship. The hierarchy extends upward from several million species, each made up of individual organisms that are closely related, to a few kingdoms, each containing large assemblages of organisms, many of which are only distantly related. Carolus Linnaeus is probably the single most dominant figure in systematic classification. Born in 1707, he had a mind that was orderly to the extreme. People sent him plants from all over the world, and he would devise a way to relate them. At the age of thirty-two he was the author of fourteen botanical works. His two most famous were Genera Plantarum, developing an artificial sexual system, and Species Plantarum, a famous work where he named and classified every plant known to him, and for the first time gave each plant a binomial. This binomial system was a vast improvement over some of the old descriptive names for plants used formerly. Before Linnaeus, Catnip was known as: "Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis" which is a brief description of the plant. Linnaeus named it Nepeta cataria--cataria meaning, "pertaining to cats". The binomial nomenclature is not only more precise and standardized; it also relates plants together, thus adding much interest and information in the name. For instance, Solanum relates the potato, the tomato and the Nightshade. Binomial Classification Early on in naming species taxonomists realized that there would have to be a universal system of nomenclature. A system that was not affected by language barriers, and would also classify the millions of species throughout the world. Binomial classification in its simplest form is a way of naming a species by means of two names both in Latin. Latin was originally used because it was the language of the founders of the classification system, like Carolus Linnaeus, but it continues to be used presently because it is a "dead language". This means that it is no longer changing or evolving, so it stays the same and can be used universally, without confusion. Carolus Linnaeus (see Appendix A, Image 1) first introduced binomial classification, which is why he is known as the father of the modern day classification system. In Binomial classification the first name, which begins with a capital letter is known as the Genus it is always capitalized. The genus is a group of species more closely related to one another than any other group of species. The genus is more inclusive than the species because it often contains many species. The second part of the binomial represents the species itself and is always printed with all letters in lower case. A species is a group of individuals that are alike in many different ways. Individuals are in the same species if they are: 1. Are able to mate with those similar to themselves. 2. Produce young that are themselves able to reproduce. As an example, in the cat family, the genus Panthera is coupled with the species leo to form Panthera leo, the Lion. Likewise, Panthera is coupled with tigris, to form Panthera tigris the Tiger. In simplified terns both the Lion(see Appendix A, image 2) and Tiger share common traits and a common genus - Panthera, whilst clearly remaining separate species. To allow further subdivision, the prefixes sub- and super- may be added to any category. In addition, special intermediate categories-such as branch (between kingdom and phylum), cohort (between class and order), and tribe (between family and genus)-may be used in complex classifications. Closely related species are a genus, closely related genera (plural form of genus) are grouped together in a family. Closely related families are grouped into an order, and so on, into more inclusive categories, or levels in the classification hierarchy. Taxonomic Hierarchy Approximately one and a half million species have been classified and there are estimates that over five million species remain to be discovered. For biologists to order this

The Learning Years of Medieval Childhood

The Learning Years of Medieval Childhood The physical manifestations of biological puberty are difficult to ignore, and it is hard to believe that such obvious indications as the onset of menses in girls or the growth of facial hair in boys were not acknowledged as part of a transition into another phase of life. If nothing else, the bodily changes of adolescence made it clear that childhood would soon be over. Medival Adolescence and Adulthood It has been argued that adolescence was not recognized by medieval society as a stage of life separate from adulthood, but this is not at all a certainty. To be sure, teenagers were known to take on some of the work of full-fledged adults. But at the same time, such privileges as inheritance and land ownership were withheld in some cultures until the age of 21. This disparity between rights and responsibilities will be familiar to those who remember a time when the U.S. voting age was 21 and the military draft age was 18. If a child was to leave home before reaching full maturity, the teen years were the most likely time for him to do so. But this did not mean he was on his own. The move from the parents household was almost always into another household, where the adolescent would be under the supervision of an adult who fed and clothed the teenager and to whose discipline the teen was subject. Even as youths left their families behind and took on increasingly more difficult tasks, there was still a social structure to keep them protected and, to some extent, under control. The teen years were also the time to concentrate more intensely on learning in preparation for adulthood. Not all adolescents had schooling options, and serious scholarship could last a lifetime, but in some ways, education was the archetypal experience of adolescence. Schooling Formal education was unusual in the Middle Ages, although by the fifteenth century there were schooling options to prepare a child for his future. Some cities such as London had schools that children of both genders  attended during the day. Here they learned to read and write, a skill that became a prerequisite for acceptance as an apprentice in many Guilds. A small percentage of peasant children managed to attend school in order to learn how to read and write and understand basic math; this usually took place at a monastery. For this education, their parents had to pay the lord a fine and usually promise that the child would not take ecclesiastical orders.  When they grew up, these students would use what theyd learned to keep village or court records, or even to manage the lords estate. Noble girls, and on occasion boys,  were sometimes sent to live in nunneries in order to receive basic schooling. Nuns would teach them to read (and possibly to write) and make sure they knew their prayers. Girls were very likely taught spinning and needlework and other domestic skills to prepare them for marriage. Occasionally such students would become nuns themselves. If a child was to become a serious scholar, his path usually lay in the monastic life, an option that was rarely open to or sought by the average townsman or peasant. Only those boys with the most notable acumen were chosen from these ranks; they were then raised by the monks, where their lives could be peaceful and fulfilling or frustrating and restrictive, depending on the situation and their temperaments. Children at monasteries were most often younger sons of noble families, who were known to give their children to the church in the early Middle Ages. This practice was outlawed by the Church as early as the seventh century (at the Council of Toledo) but was still known to take place on occasion in the centuries that followed. Monasteries and cathedrals eventually began to maintain schools for students who were destined for secular life. For younger students, instruction began with the skills of reading and writing and moved on to the Trivium of the Seven Liberal Arts: grammar, rhetoric, and logic. As they grew older, they studied the Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Younger students were subject to the corporal discipline of their instructors, but by the time they entered University, such measures were rare. Advanced schooling was almost exclusively the province of males, but some females were able to acquire an admirable education nonetheless. The story of Heloise, who took private lessons from Peter Abelard, is a memorable exception; and the youth of both genders at the court of twelfth-century Poitou undoubtedly could read well enough to enjoy and debate the new literature of Courtly Love. However, in the later Middle Ages nunneries suffered a drop in literacy,  reducing available options for a quality learning experience. Higher education for females depended largely on individual circumstances. In the twelfth century, cathedral schools evolved into universities. Students and masters banded together into guilds to protect their rights and further their educational opportunities. Embarking on a course of study with a university was a step toward adulthood, but it was a path that began in adolescence. University One might argue that once a student reached university level he could be considered an adult; and, since this is one of the instances in which a young person might be living on his own, there is certainly logic behind the assertion. However, university students were notorious for making merry and making trouble. Both official university restrictions and unofficial social guidelines kept the students in a subordinate position, not only to their teachers but to senior students. In the eyes of society, it would appear that students were not yet completely considered adults. Its also important to remember that, although there were age specifications as well as experience requirements to become a teacher, no age qualifications governed a students entry into a university. It was a young mans ability as a scholar that determined if he was ready to pursue higher education. Therefore, we have no hard-and-fast age group to consider; students were  usually  still teenagers when they entered university, and legally not yet in full possession of their rights. A student beginning his studies was known as a  bajan,  and in many  cases,  he underwent a rite of passage called the jocund advent upon his arrival at university. The nature of this ordeal varied according to place and time, but it usually involved feasting and rituals similar to the hazing of modern fraternities. After a year at  school,  the  bajan  could be purged of his lowly status by expounding a passage and debating it with his fellow students. If he made his argument successfully, he would be washed clean and led through the town on an ass. Possibly due to their monastic origins, students were tonsured (the tops of their heads were shaved) and wore clothing similar to that of the monk: a  cope  and cassock or a closed-over long-sleeved tunic and overtunic. Their diet could be fairly erratic if they were on their own and with limited funds; they had to purchase what was inexpensive from the shops of the city. Early universities had no provisions for housing, and young men had to live with friends or relatives or otherwise fend for themselves. Before long colleges were set up to aid the less affluent students, the first being the College of the Eighteen in Paris.  In return for a small allowance and a bed at the Hospice of the Blessed Mary, students were asked to offer prayers and take turns carrying the cross and holy water before the bodies of deceased patients. Some residents proved to be insolent and even violent, disrupting the studies of serious students and breaking in when they stayed out after hours. Thus, the Hospice began to restrict its hospitality to students who behaved more pleasantly, and it required them to pass weekly examinations to prove their work was meeting expectations.  The residency  was limited to a year, with the possibility of a years renewal at the discretion of the foundationers. Institutions such as the College of the Eighteen evolved into endowed residences for students, among them Merton at Oxford and Peterhouse at Cambridge. In time, these colleges began to acquire manuscripts and scientific instruments for their students and offer regular salaries to teachers in a concerted effort to prepare candidates in their quests for a degree. By the end of the fifteenth century, few students lived outside colleges. Students attended lectures regularly. In the early days of universities, lectures were held in a hired hall, a church, or the masters home, but soon buildings were constructed for the express purpose of teaching. When not at lectures a student would read significant works, write about them, and expound on them to fellow scholars and teachers. All this was in preparation for the day when he would write a thesis and expound on it to the doctors of the university in return for a degree. The subjects studied included theology, law (both canon and common), and medicine. The University of Paris was foremost in theological studies, Bologna was renowned for its law school, and Salernos medical school was unsurpassed. In the 13th and 14th centuries  numerous universities  sprang up throughout Europe and England, and some students were not content to limit their studies to only one school. Earlier scholars such as  John of Salisbury  and  Gerbert of Aurillac  had traveled far and wide to glean their education; now students were following in their footsteps (sometimes literally). Many of these were serious in motive and driven by a thirst for knowledge. Others, known as  Goliards, were more lighthearted in nature- poets seeking adventure and love. All this may present a picture of students thronging the cities and highways of medieval Europe, but in  reality,  scholarly studies at such a level were unusual. By and large, if a teenager were to undergo any form of structured education, it was more likely to be as an apprentice. Apprenticeship With few exceptions, apprenticeship began in the teens and lasted from seven to ten years. Though it wasnt unheard of for sons to be apprenticed to their own fathers, it was fairly uncommon.  Sons of master craftsmen were by Guild law automatically accepted into the Guild; yet many still took the apprenticeship route, with someone other than their fathers, for the experience and training it offered. Apprentices in larger towns and cities were supplied from outlying villages in substantial numbers,  supplementing labor forces that dwindled from diseases such as the plague and other factors of city living. Apprenticeship also took place in village businesses, where a teenager might learn milling or felting cloth. Apprenticeship was not limited to males. While there were fewer girls than boys taken in as apprentices, girls were trained in a wide variety of trades. They were more likely to be trained by the masters wife, who often knew nearly as much about the trade as her husband (and sometimes more). Although such trades as that of seamstress were more common for females, girls were not limited to learning skills they could take into a marriage, and once they married many continued plying their trades. Youngsters rarely had any choice in which craft they would learn, or with what particular master they would work; the destiny of an apprentice was usually determined by the connections his family had. For example, a young man whose father had a haberdasher for a friend might be apprenticed to that haberdasher, or perhaps to another haberdasher in the same guild. The connection might be through a godparent or neighbor instead of a blood relative. Affluent families had more affluent connections, and a wealthy Londoners son was more likely than a country boy to find himself learning the goldsmith trade. Apprenticeships were formally arranged with contracts and sponsors. Guilds required that bonds of surety be posted to guarantee that apprentices fulfilled expectations; if they did not, the sponsor was liable for the fee. In addition, sponsors or the candidates themselves would sometimes pay the master a fee to take on the apprentice. This would help the master cover the expenses of caring for the apprentice over the next several years. The relationship between master and apprentice was as significant as that between parent and offspring. Apprentices lived in their masters house or shop; they usually ate with the masters family, often wore clothes provided by the master, and were subject to the masters discipline. Living in such close proximity, the apprentice could and often did form close emotional bonds with this foster family, and might even marry the bosss daughter. Whether or not they married into the family, apprentices were often remembered in their masters wills. There were also cases of abuse, which might end up in court; though apprentices were usually the victims, at times they took extreme advantage of their benefactors, stealing from them and even engaging in violent confrontations. Apprentices sometimes ran away, and the sponsor would have to pay the master the surety fee to make up for the time, money and effort that had gone into training the runaway. The apprentices were there to learn and the primary purpose the master had taken them into his home was to teach them; so learning all the skills associated with the craft was what occupied most of their time. Some masters might take advantage of the free labor, and assign menial tasks to the young worker and teach him the secrets of the craft only slowly, but this was not all that common. An affluent craftsmaster would have servants to perform the unskilled tasks he needed to be done in the shop; and, the sooner he taught his apprentice the skills of the trade, the sooner his apprentice could help him properly in the business. It was the last hidden mysteries of the trade that might take some time to acquire. Apprenticeship was an extension of the adolescent  years  and could take up almost a quarter of the average medieval lifespan. At the end of his training, the apprentice was ready to go out on his own as a journeyman. Yet he was still likely to remain with his master as an employee. Sources Hanawalt, Barbara,  Growing Up in Medieval London  (Oxford University Press, 1993).Hanawalt, Barbara,  The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England  (Oxford University Press, 1986).Power, Eileen,  Medieval Women  (Cambridge University Press, 1995).Rowling, Marjorie, Life in Medieval Times  (Berkley Publishing Group, 1979).

Raelianism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Raelianism - Research Paper Example Vorilhon, who now assumed the titular name of Rael (2006), described it as the religion of the infinite, â€Å"an atheist religion whose goals are the diffusion of the messages of demystification, given by the Elohim, to the Earth’s population, and to build an embassy where they will make official contact with the governments of the Earth† (p. 248). Based on its history, its development and its objectives, Raelianism can be considered a legitimate form of faith, regardless of the strangeness of its practices and rituals. It has persisted for decades and this alone makes the religion worth a closer look. History and Philosophy Unlike other groups, claiming to be a form of religion such as Scientology and even the Mormons, Raelianism is not overly secretive and is quite open with regards to its beliefs, rituals and history. Its beginnings, hence, is readily available to those who want to be initiated are interested to know. Its history began during that fateful day in 197 3 when Rael claimed to be driving in the middle of nowhere when the Elohim materialized. As per Rael’s account, these beings are extraterrestrials who came to the Earth and created life through scientific technologies. This was supposedly revealed to him and the responsibility to inform mankind and to prepare them to meet their makers rest on his hands. Thus, Raelianism was founded. The Raelian teachings, philosophies or what one would call catechism or dogma in the Christian religion are closely tied with existing religious texts such as the Bible. The idea is to view everything from their theoretical point of view. Here, the Christian God becomes the Elohim, a highly advanced extraterrestrial being. He was not an all too powerful omniscient or omnipresent mystical God but just an advanced race, with technological capability to design, manipulate and create life. For further insights, one could turn to the manner in which Raelian belief interpreted some parts of the biblical Genesis. Genesis 1:1 became: â€Å"In the beginning Elohim created the heaven and earth† (Rael, p. 11). The corresponding explanation revealed the framework further and to quote: Elohim, translated without justification in some Bibles by the word God means in Hebrew â€Å"those who came from the sky†, and furthermore the world is a plural. It means that the scientists from our world searched for a planet that was suitable to carry out their projects. They â€Å"created†, or in reality discovered the Earth, and realized it contained all the necessary elements for the creation of artificial life (p.11). The above example showed how Raelian belief tries to reconcile the religious texts that the world has with the concepts and artifacts of technology as we know or conceive of it today. It is not unlike rationalizing the mysteries of many religions, grounding it on scientific concepts. Eller (2007) summarized what the Raelianism stands for by saying that it is a â⠂¬Å"self-consciously atheistic religion† and that â€Å"the various world scriptures are attempts to communicate this reality but are garbled and confused† (p.268). The Elohim allegedly explained - and, therefore, such explanation became a core component of Raelian philosophy - that â€Å"the world’s existing religion were founded as a result of their direct communication with a series of human prophets for the purpose of implanting the idea of humanity’

Public Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public Administration - Essay Example This change in the public administration in the British government has created various criticisms and incited other nations to study this strategy and modify the delivery of public service in their own government. Public administration has changed along with the growing needs of the public. On the other hand, as the number of studies in public administration increases over the years, there has been no exact definition of the term as a subject. Debates on privatization, corruption, and government values have been raised over the years but the boundaries between what is public and what is private are never identified. These two opposite sections are said to fade imperceptibly into one another because both sectors are closely entangled in the complex network of relationships that form a social system. Furthermore, the ideas of administration cannot be separated from management since it is interrelated with policy making that which is a part of studying public administration (Chandler, 2000) Public administration, defined academically, is the study of the development and maintenance of policy by members of governments, public agencies and public sector employees and the practice of implementing the authoritative decisions they have made. Patterned after the recognized definition of the word public, the study of public administration has involved the establishment and sustenance of the constitution or authoritative governments of a nation or nations. And even as it is a part of political analysis, its theories involve economics and management disciplines that are significant aspects in politics (Chandler, 2000). Chandler (2000) laid several arguments concerning public administration and its role in promoting government services. The areas that which public administration focus more were political sociology or philosophy wherein it studies the manner in which politicians perceive and react to varying social economic

Wcf Architecture In Depth Information Technology Essay

Wcf Architecture In Depth Information Technology Essay Nowadays distributed system becomes increasingly significant and a great number of developers utilize that technology to build their applications. One of the most common used technologies is WCF which stands for windows communication foundation. WCF is utilized on windows platform and .NET framework. On .NET framework WCF is the first service-oriented model. There are three important components in WCF in terms of programming model and they are address, binding and contract. Moreover, there are two layers in layer structure of WCF and they are Messaging layer and Service Model layer. In order to understand WCF deeply some good features of WCF will be introduced such as unification of different technologies, interoperability with other existing applications and fully support for Service-Oriented development. Key words: WCF, service-oriented development, architecture, layers WCF, unification and interoperability. INTRODUCTION WCF, which stands for Windows Communication Foundation, is utilized by many distributed system application developers for its outstanding advantages. WCF enables developers to build their applications which can meet different requirements by unifying current distributed technologies. Applications developed by utilizing WCF can interact with other applications developed in other languages and on other platforms easily. Updating conveniently is another advantage WCF has, since it is unnecessary to re-deploy the whole application if only a part of the solution needs to be modified. Address, binding and contract are the three essential components of WCF. Address is used to guide the packets to the destination. Bindings responsibility is to specify the methods how the packets are sent. Contract is in charge of what message the packets should have. The layer structure of WCF will be introduced in this research as well. Messaging layer and service model layer are the two layers. WCF has som e outstanding features and these features will be illustrated in the following paper. SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE WCF utilizes service-oriented as its model, as a consequence, it is necessary to introduce the service-oriented architecture (SOA) before introducing WCF. Comparing to object-oriented architecture, SOA can solve many problems which are brought up by object-oriented architecture. For example, different components of an application do not depend on each other tightly, so modifying applications so as to meet the business needs is not expensive and complicated any more. Some of the significant features and principles will be illustrated as follows. The definition of SOA is that SOA contains a set of services and these services were designed well by other developers. Hence, different services have a loosely-coupled relationship which enables developer to modify any services as needed without affecting any other services. More specifically, in object-oriented model changing only a small part of the solution will lead the whole application to be redeployed. However, in SOA all the services do not depend on each other tightly and they are all autonomous. The client side of an application has no clue about the implementation process on the sever side and vice versa, as a consequence, implementing and modifying services on both client and server is flexible. If a service needs to be updated and the service is still available there is no need to modify services on the client side. Schemas and contracts, which are two significant component of SOA, are two aspects that SOA concentrates on to communicate with different nodes rather than classes. As a consequence, SOA enables the distributed application platform and language independent. ARCHITECTURE OF WCF WCF has attracted more and more attentions due to many pros of it. Before WCF was invented, what developers utilized to develop applications were DCOM, .NET Remoting or Web service. However, these technologies brought many drawbacks including security, cross-platform and performance and so on. After WCF was invented a great number of developers had started to utilize the new technology and the problems mentioned above can be solved by WCF completely. In order to understand deeply about WCF, the architecture of WCF will be illustrated as follows. wcfabc.png Figure 1[5] Communication through the endpoint  ·The most important components of WCF are address, binding and contract. Address is responsible to inform the data packet where to go. Binding is in charge of the way how to communicate with the services. Contract is used to define what the service contains or what the service is able to do. These three components of WCF are also known as ABCs of WCF. Endpoint as shown in the figure 1 constitutes address, binding and contract and it is can be seen as the gateway for other clients. In order to communicate with a service, clients should know the ABCs of that service. As we know, the Web Service Description Language (WSDL) is responsible to describe what an endpoint can do and how to access that endpoint. C:UsersmalongDesktopWCF architecture.jpg Figure 2 [4] WCF Programming Model Figure 2 shows all the components of WCF programming model more details about this Model will be illustrated as follows. There are two sides of this programming model and they are client side and service side. Client side The client side can only consist of one endpoint which has address, binding and contract for each service. In the whole program the client side contains a proxy which enables the client to communicate with the service. When communicating with different services the client can utilize multiple proxies which use multiple endpoints accordingly. A proxy is utilized to fulfill the job of CLR interface which has the same the function as service contract. Proxy not only does the job of service contract but also provide extra functions to manage the life cycle of a proxy. All the attributes of a service are assembled by a proxy such as service address, service running environment and transport protocols. Different behaviors can be defined by the client in order to configure the local configuration files including instancing, concurrency, transaction control and security. Service side There can be multiple endpoints on the service side and these endpoints are in charge of sending messages to a service if there are some services requesting message sending in. behaviors do the same jobs as the behaviors do on the client side. On the service side there is a significant component named dispatcher which is related to the proxy in the client side. Proxy and dispatcher work together to convert between methods that clients desire to invoke and WCF messages. Channel dispatcher and endpoint dispatcher constitute one channel stack. Channel dispatcher is responsible for getting messages from the channel and choosing the endpoint dispatcher in which these messages will be dealt with. Endpoint dispatcher consists of filters and dispatch runtime. More specifically, it is the filters that make sure the incoming messages are dispatched to the right function within a service object. After the messages are dispatched to the endpoint dispatcher, the message will be transfer to dispatch-runtime within that endpoint dispatcher. The object of Dispatch-runtime is utilized to choose which function to call and serialize or de-serialize functions parameters and control objects lifetime. More details about ABCs of WCF Address Address is utilized to tell clients where the location of the service is. Of course, before a client can communicate with the service side, it needs to know the address of the service first. The format of the address in WCF is URLs. In the URLs, many things are defined including protocols, the address of the terminal providing services and the path which can enable the client to get access to the actual service. In URLs port number in address is not fixed and which port number to use depends on the types of transmitting protocols. More specifically, there are four parts of the address section. Firstly, transport scheme is responsible to define the protocol which is used to transfer message. Secondly, Name of the service machine is used to locate the machine which provides the services. Moreover, the name for that machine should be fully qualified domain name which can be translated to the right IP address by some DNS servers. Thirdly, what port number developers can use totally based on transmitting protocol. By default port 80 is for HTTP address. The last one is path which is the name of the directories. Here is the format of address Scheme ://< hostname of service > [: port number]/path1/path2. Binding Binding plays a vital role of defining the method to communicate with service side. Binding is responsible to control transport, channels, encoding and WS protocols. WCF has provided a large number of models of binding and these models can almost satisfy most of the developers. Custom binding can be built to meet the needs of developers who have special demands for the binding model. More specifically, a binding can be seen as a multiple layered stack which contains one or multiple channels and these channels are in charge of processing data. Transport channel is at the lowest level of this stack which is utilized to adapt the stack to the transporting protocols such as TCP, HTTP and SMTP. This special stack is used to supply with a concept. And that concept is responsible to define in which way the message should be sent and to define what the messages should contain or what protocols should to be used for transmission. Contract Contract is used to define what a message should contain or what services the service side can provide. More specifically, it is the contract that defines what services need to be exposed to outside thereby deciding what to implement inside. Moreover, contract enables the interoperation between different platforms to be authentic. Three different types of contract will be illustrated as follows. The first one is service contract which is utilized to define the transmitting methods among clients and services. Message contract is the second one and is used to define the message architecture. SOAP envelop can be modified by message contract. The last one is data contract which holds the information of classes such as types defined in classes and that information will be transferred between clients and service. There are three messaging transmission methods and they are one-way, request-replay and duplex. In the one-way pattern a client sends out messages to the service, but the client does not wait for the response of that service. The pattern is like invoking an asynchronous function which does not have a return value. The second pattern is request-reply pattern in which the client will wait for a response from service after sending a message. That client is able to do nothing until it receives the response from the service. In other words, the request-reply is a two way interoperation which can be seen as a synchronous communication. This request-reply pattern is utilized as the default method in WCF. The last one is duplex pattern and this pattern is the most complicated manner comparing to other two patterns. The duplex pattern is a real peer-to-peer communication and the client and the service send and receive messages simultaneously which are transferred on different channels. In thi s method the client and the service can be seen as the message initiator. THE LAYER STRUCTUR OF WCF Figure 3[4] The layer structure of WCF WCF has a layered structure which contains two different layers and they are service model layer and messaging layer. What a developer to do on the service model layer is to do the programming task, however, the messaging layer, which is underneath the service model layer, is responsible to transport the all the messages to the destination. The concept of layer structure enables to separate the programming from the messaging. As shown in the figure 3, service model layer is the top layer which is in charge of contract, policy and behavior. And behavior is the most significant part among these three. Channels, encoders, transports and protocols are the components of messaging model in which the channels is the most important part. Messaging layer In messaging layer all the real messages are transferred on this layer which is similar to the network layer and data-link layer in OSI model. Moreover, transports protocols are defined at this layer as well. Format for the messages and the messages encoding rules are both defined at messaging layer too. Channel is a function that the messaging layer provides which is responsible to transmit messages among clients and services. Channel function is so important that messaging layer is sometime called channel layer. Address and binding are two significant components in channel. Address is utilized to tell the message where the service location is and the bindings responsibility is to manage the methods that messages should be sent. In order to enable the messaging transmission to work well between clients and services, both the client and service need to understand all the variables such as protocols, the encoding, method defined to transfer message and transport. It is the factory tha t enables the client side to create channels so as to communicate with services. Listener plays the role of accepting messages from client side through predefined channels. Channels another function is that it can monitor the forwarding messages and receiving messages by utilizing specified transport and messaging transfer method. Service Model layer Service model layer enables to affect the messaging process by utilizing object-oriented programming rules. When developers design their applications the design actually happens at this layer. In other words the service model layer responsible for the design of the application and it provides user-friendly API which includes classes, functions, attributes and configurations. In service model layer the most significant part is behavior and client and service can have multiple behaviors. Behaviors do have effect on the translation from messages to .NET attributes rather than affecting on contract. UNDERSTAND WCF IN DEPTH Unification of current technologies Nowadays a number of distributed technologies are utilized by developers to develop their applications. Although there are some advantages of these technologies, these technologies brought many problems. These technologies utilize different programming languages and models. If developers desire to build distributed system they need to utilize distinct APIs. WCF is the new technology which enables developers to build distributed system for different business corporations by utilizing only one API. WCF can be seen as the combination of these current distributed technologies such ASMX, .Net Remoting, MSMQ and WS-* technology. WCF also inherits the advantages of these technologies such as efficiency from ASMX, extensibility and flexibility from .Net Remoting and so on. Some of the technologies will be illustrated as follows. ASMX stands for ASP.NET Web Services which provides great interoperability and the ability to make packets pass through firewall easily. ASMX transfers data through messages as well. Different transport protocols can be utilized to transfer message such as HTTP and TCP. And the main protocol for message is SOAP the format is XML. However, ASMX is not flexible in choosing delivery methods and security manners. It is the ASMX that enables to communicate to applications which is developed by J2EE across the internet. ASMX has been seen as a very outstanding vendor-independent technology. .NET Remoting has a good support for the lifetime management and self-defined hosts. Moreover, it has an outstanding extensibility and flexibility. If there are many boundary clients which needs to communicate with a central server .NET Remoting is the best choice, because the both the client and the server should be developed on .NET environment. This .NET to .NET architecture provides the best performance. Enterprise Services is the next generation of COM+ and can be utilized to manage the lifetime of object and specify the distributed transactions. Enterprise services enable developers to focus on building service-oriented components. The interoperability is one of the relatively serious drawbacks. And the number of communication protocols which support this technology is small. WSE stands for Web Services Enhancements and can be utilized to talk to J2EE based applications. A large number of the agreements which are defined in web services have been implemented in WSE, as a consequence, WSE can be called WS-* specifications. WSE can ensure the security of an application. MSMQ is the abbreviation of Microsoft Message Queuing. MSMQ enables to send messages to the partner applications which are not available or online. In other words, MSMQ lets the messages stayed in the queue and sends the messages to the server when it is available. MSMQ is the best for applications that the servers are not online all the time. C:UsersmalongDesktop1.jpg Figure 4[1] Unification feature of WCF Figure 4 shows the summary information about the technologies that WCF has unified. As we can see from figure 4, WCF provides more for developers, which enables to build applications much conveniently and efficiently. How to unify different technologies WCF enables developers to use all the good points from other technologies straight away. In order to make the other technologies work for WCF, developers need to attach specified elements to the contract of WCF. WCF can gain a great number of good features due to the unification of others technologies. Some of the good features which inherited from Web Service are shown as follows. Because WCF has a good support for web service, WCF gains some good features about security. WS-security and WS-Trust enable WCF to provide many functions including integrity checking, authentication and so on. These features can ensure the security for the transmission for SOAP messages. WS-Reliable messaging adds an additional tag into SOAP header which enables WCF to ensure its communication much reliable. WCF also supports the integrity of the data because of the feature of WS-Coordination and WS-Atomic. WS-Addressing can be used to make the messages transmission without utilizing transport protocols. Interoperability with Other Platforms Nowadays distributed applications are developed in many different languages and the technologies utilized are invented by many different vendors as well. That situation happens in many enterprises and the applications using WCF can communicate with other applications using other language or software because WCF utilizes SOAP as its communication protocol. WCF based applications are able to interact with applications working in distinct process on same terminal and applications working on other terminals. Applications built on WCF can interoperate with each other when they are run on different operating systems such as Linux and windows. WCF is able to enables the previous technologies to with compatibly with itself. More specifically, SOAP is utilized by both ASMX and WCF; as a consequence, ASMX built-on applications can work compatibly with applications which are based on WCF. Service-Oriented Development is supported Over the next few years, creating applications in a service-oriented style will become the norm. For this to happen, the platforms on which those applications are built must provide the right support for creating service-oriented software. Achieving this is one of WCFs most important goals. Building distributed applications by using Services-oriented Development will be increasingly popular. WCF is seen as the first service-oriented development technology in the platform of windows, which provides a good support for platform independent and updating services conveniently. What does WCF concentrate on is the service rather than object. Some of the key principles about WCF are illustrated as follows. The first one is shared schema. Communication between applications never depends on classes anymore and what they depends on is schema which has be predefined in both of these applications. The behavior transferring attributes such as classes or functions will be banned. Secondly, services are all independent. An interface should be defined between clients and services, which enables the application language and platform independent. However, the clients and services should be loosely-dependent. Lastly, the boundaries should be defined clearly. The explicit boundary enables the remote objects to be seen as they are local. CONCLUSION In conclusion, WCF is a Windows platform service-oriented technology which is able to provide interoperability between different applications. Nowadays distributed application developers prefer to utilize technologies built on service-oriented architecture. One of the advantages of service-oriented architecture is that different components of an application depend on each other loosely, so modifying application in order to meet the business needs is economical and easy. WCF is an outstanding representative of SOA and it has three significant components in its programming model. The three components are address, binding and contract. Address is used to tell where the message should be transferred. Binding is responsible to define how to communicate to a service. Contract is in charge of describing what services are provided. There are two layers and they are service model layer and messaging layer in terms of WCF layer architecture. One of the important responsibility in messaging lay er is how the real messages can be sent out with all the attributed being serialized. Service model layer is responsible for the design of the application and it provides user-friendly APIs for the future utilization. In order to get a deep understanding WCF, a number of features of WCF was introduced. WCF is like a combination of other distributed technologies and it makes the combination of technologies is much user-friendly. Shared schema, Independent Services and Clearly Defined Boundaries are the three key principles to SOA.

Canadian Blood Services IMC Essay

INTRODUCTION â€Å"Oscar Wilde once said that youth is wasted on the young. But investing in the future, the leaders of tomorrow, is more than just good business sense – it’s a necessity for survival and success† – Dr. Graham Sher, CEO of Canadian Blood Services (Pulse Magazine, 2012). Canadian Blood Services is a not-for-profit organization that operates across Canada, excluding Quebec. The objective of Canadian Blood Services is to encourage and receive blood donations through safe and secure methods to help Canadians who need blood transfusions (Canadian Blood Services, 2013). There is an increasing need for blood and blood donations across Canada. Of the current Canadian population, â€Å"the baby boomer generation remains the most loyal in terms of donating blood, while younger generations are significantly less likely to donate on a frequent basis† (Renwick-Shields, 2013). As the baby boomers age, Canadian Blood Services must find new ways to reach the you nger generations, including the fastest growing segment, the Millennials. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION How can Canadian Blood Services increase the number of BC Millennial whole blood donors by 20,000 by March 31, 2015? The target number of donors is based on the previous years’ statistics of Millennial donations (age 17-34), according the Canadian Blood Services data provided (Bird, 2014a). The target number is a percentage of half the total Millennial population of BC in 2012, as typically only half the population is eligible to donate (Renwick-Shields, 2013). The problem statement is specific to BC as a test market. The timeline is based on Canadian Blood Services’ fiscal year, beginning April 1, 2014 and ending March 31, 2015. KEY FINDINGS According to Canadian Blood Services, on average, every 60 seconds, someone in Canada requires blood or a blood product (2013). The demand for blood is not subsiding, increasing at a steady rate of 2% per year (Canadian Blood Services, 2013). To be an eligible donor, volunteers must meet many stringent requirements, including a minimum age of 17, sufficient levels of iron and hemoglobin in blood, and disclosure of health and travel history.

Approaches to Physical Education in Schools Essay

Physical activity is a broad term to describe movement of the body that uses energy. Unless otherwise stated, taking part in Sport and physical activity is defined as â€Å"All forms of physical activities which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels. † Physical inactivity is regarded a serious, nationwide problem. Its extent poses as a public health challenge for reducing the national burden of unnecessary illness and premature death. Starting activity from an early age and throughout childhood helps an important input to healthy growth and development. There is strong and growing evidence that regular physical activity reduces the risk of suffering from various common disorders. Evidence shows regular physical activity in childhood and adolescence improves strength and endurance, helps build healthy bones and muscles, helps control weight, reduces anxiety and stress, increases self-esteem, and may improve blood pressure and cholesterol levels. There are also many psychosocial aspects of physical activity, such as having the opportunity for social interaction and support (Hughes, Casal, Leon 1986), experiencing increased feelings of self-efficacy (Simons et al. 1985; Hughes, Casal, Leon 1986), and experiencing relief from daily stressors (Bahrke and Morgan 1978), may help improve mental health status in some people. http://www. cdc. gov/nccdphp/sgr/pdf/chap4. pdf If a child has positive experiences with physical activity at a young age it may help set the foundations for being regularly active throughout life. This would mean not just about teaching children how to play sports, there is the wider proposal in terms of their lives, like giving them aspirations, something to aim for and how they can achieve their goals. Parents and carers are important social influencers upon children and young peoples’ lifestyle choices. Hendry, Shucksmith, Love and Glendinning (1993, pg. 59) state that â€Å"Two major elements appear to be dirctly related to attraction towards and avoidance of sport participation: parents as role models and parental encouragement, expectations and support†. Physical activity promotion is a high component of many government policy statements and commitments in the UK. These include those produced by the Department of Health and other departments such as the Department or Transport, the Department of Culture. The Department of Health’s ‘Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation’ is an action plan for tackling poor health and improving the health of everyone in England. The Government has recognised the negative economic and social consequences of physical inactivity. In December 2002, the Government published ‘Game Plan’, a strategy for delivering its sport and physical activity objectives. Game Plan’ set a national agenda: to increase and widen the base of participation in sport, to target success in international sport and to promote any reform necessary for the strategy to be delivered. ‘Game Plan’ sets the target of 70% of the population to be reasonably active 5 x 30 minutes per week by 2020. (http://www. sportengland. org/national-framework-for-sport. pdf) The White Paper also agrees that physical activity is a key aid to good health and an important factor in preventing heart disease, stroke and other chronic disease. This document is the 2004 Government Public Health White Paper published by the department of health. It forms the foundation [2004] of public health policy. The White Paper sets out the key principles for supporting the public to make healthier lifestylechoices.   Physical activity is one of six priorities identified in the white paper and actions to promote physical activity are xamined in several chapters; (‘Health in the consumer society’, ‘Children and young people, ‘Local communities leading for health’, ‘Work and health’, and ‘Health promoting NHS’). Everybody knows that Government and individuals alone cannot make progress on healthier choices. Progress depends on effective partnerships across communities, including local government, the NHS, business, advertisers, retailers, the voluntary sector, communities, and the media. The NHS Plan was produced and set out plans for investment in and reform of the NHS. It included the commitment to develop ‘local action to tackle obesity and physical activity, informed by advice from the Health Development Agency on what works’ (Department of Health,2001 The effectiveness of public health interventions for increasing physical activity among adults: a review of reviews) The Department of Culture media and sport (DCMS) encourages greater sport participation. Its strategy ‘A Sporting Future for All’ recognises sport as a â€Å"powerful tool for social, educational and physical wellbeing†. Published in 2000, this document sets out New Labour’s vision for sport including; sport in education, sport in the community, sporting excellence and the modernisation of sporting organisations. The Department for Transport, Local Government and Regions DTLR, formerly the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions, DETR, aims to make it easier and safer for people to walk and cycle, therefore reducing the amount of cars. The Department of Culture Media and Sport Department for Education and Skills (DfES, formerly the Department for Education and Employment, DfEE) launched a joint ‘National Healthy Schools Standard’ in 1999 with DH which consists of ten central themes; physical activity is one of these. Source: adapted from NAO, Tackling Obesity in England (Health benefits of physical activity,2001) One of the government main concerns and well known agendas is to control the raising levels of child obesity. Rates of obesity have dramatically increased in England over the last decade. If no action is taken, one-in-five children aged 2-15 in England will be obese by 2010. (Obesity guidance for healthy schools coordinators and their partners) There is a need for the departments to involve other partners at national and local levels to help develop and implement solid strategies for prevention, which include adults as well as young people. At national levels, this is taking place already, and departments should develop joint objectives and performance targets relating o aspects of physical activity and diet to ensure that this progress is combined. At the local level, health authorities are well located to start these activities by developing Health. They could provide more Improvement Programmes that involve a wide range of other partners in schemes to increase cycling, walking and physical recreation and to improve diet, such as increased consumption of fruit and vegetables, and the knowl edge for a healthy diet. Chief Medical Officer Sir Liam Donaldson said: ‘Higher levels of physical activity among children and young people, together with much healthier eating patterns, are the key to averting the potential catastrophic effects of the obesity epidemic which is beginning to emerge. ‘ (Stars back school sports bid to fight obesity 2004) There is a substantial amount of cross-department work in the areas that are central to addressing the rising levels of obesity. Much of this is targeted at schoolchildren. This addresses a section of the population for which obesity is becoming an increasing problem. The NHS aims to halt the rise in obesity among children in the region by 2010. National and regional activities and programmes are already in place to help tackle obesity such as the ‘five a day scheme’, regulation on food promotion and advertising to children, national weight loss guidance and physical activity programmes and work with the food industry on portion size and labelling. Other Government departments have an influence through school education and the promotion of healthy eating. Many schools now provide a healthy eating plan, abolishing foods such as chocolate and crisps on sale in the canteen. The focus of such strategies should be to make it easier for the public to make healthy choices. Such strategies require funding for implementation, but should ultimately lead to a reduction in the costs to the NHS from obesity related ill health. (http://www. iotf. org/childhood/) Schools are seen as being in the front line in the battle against what has been called â€Å"the biggest public health threat of the 21st century† – obesity. (http://news. bbc. co. k/1/hi/education/3751305. stm) The potential of Physical Education to help contribute to health enhancing behaviour has been long acknowledged. Schools have a key role and are in a significant position in helping pupils to reach the recommended daily level of physical activity, both by providing them with suitable activity opportunities and also by helping them to acquire the skills, understanding a nd confidence to pursue activity outside of the school. PE and school sport is an entitlement for all pupils whatever their own particular needs, preference or circumstance. The national curriculum for PE is not prescriptive and provides flexibility that schools can exercise when providing activities so that the needs of all pupils can be catered for. A key role of physical education is to ‘maintain, and if possible improve the health and physique of the children’ (Issues in Physical Education 2000) Three government departments – DH, DfEE (now DfES) and DETR (now DTLR) have set up the School Travel Advisory Group in 1998 as a forum for debate and coordination. They published guidance for local authorities on building a safe environment to encourage more children to walk or cycle to school. To help the promotion of sport and physical activity in schools the National Healthy Schools Target developed by DH/DfEE sets an ‘expectation’ that pupils should have at least 2 hours physical activity each week. A recent poll that Sport England undertook shows that only 1 in 5 primary schools currently meet the 2 hours target. The national PE, School Sport and Club Links strategy was launched by the Prime Minister in October 2002. Its overall objective is to enhance the take-up of sporting opportunities by 5 to 16-year-olds. The PESSCL strategy has set targets to increase the amount of Physical Education and sport young people do. â€Å"The ambitious target is to increase the percentage of schoolchildren who spend a minimum of two hours a week on high-quality PE and school sport within and beyond the curriculum to 75 per cent by 2006 and 85 per cent by 2008. (childhood obesity 2003) It is also trying to bridge the gaps between school and community sport, opening up schools out of hours to provide additional sports opportunities for all children. A recent campaign that Gordon Brown has proposed is that he wants all school children to get the chance to do five hours of sport a week. Currently children under 16 are required to do two hours a week within the national curriculum.